Biology Notes

Biochemistry

• The Molecules of Life: Biomolecules

• Amino acids: An Introduction

• Protein Structure

• Carbohydrates

• Reducing and non reducing sugar

• Lipids

• Classification of Lipids

• Saturated and un saturated fatty acids

• Vitamins

• Nucleic Acids : DNA and RNA

• Different forms of DNA

• Difference between DNA and RNA

• Stability of DNA and RNA

• Anabolism and Catabolism

Microbiology

• Archaebacteria (Ancient bacteria)

• Introduction to Bacteria

• Bacteria and Cyanobacteria

• Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

• Bacterial Cell wall & Gram Staining

• How Gram Stain Works? Principle and Procedure

• Bacterial Flagella

• Economic Importance of Bacteria

• Bacterial Diseases in humans, animals and plants

• Reproduction in Bacteria Genetic recombination in bacteria

• Bacterial Transformation

• Transduction

• Conjugation between F+ and F- cell

• Conjugation between Hfr cell and F- cell

• Sexduction or F duction: Conjugation between F’ cell and F- cell

• Bacteriophages

• Bacteriophage: lytic and lysogenic cycle

• Plasmids

• Mode of action of Antibiotics

Cytology

Cellular Organization

• Cell & Cell organelles

• Cell differentiation

• Cell Cycle

• Mitosis

• Meiosis

• Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis

• Crossing over

• Synaptonemal complex

• Non- disjunction

• How to count chromosomes and DNA molecules during mitosis?

• How to count chromosomes and DNA molecules during meiosis?

• Holliday model

• Hammerling Acetabularia Grafting Experiment

• Nucleus, the commanding centre of the cell

• Nucleus Ultra Structure

• Chromosome Number

• Chromosome Morphology

• Chromosome Ultra Structure

• Karyotype and Idiogram

• Giant chromosome : Polytene chromosome

• Lamp Brush Chromosomes

• Nucleolus

• How ribosomes are synthesized in the nucleolus?

• Ribosomes

• Cytoplasmic matrix

• Cell wall

• Primary cell wall and Secondary cell wall

• Plasmodesmata

• Plasma membrane

• Membrane Transport

• Membrane Transport for macromolecules

• Endoplasmic reticulam

• SER and RER

• Golgi apparatus

• Lysosomes

• Peroxisomes

• Cytoskeleton- Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments and Microtubules

• Microtubules Structure and Function

• Plastids: Leucoplast, Chromoplast and Chloroplast

• Chloroplast DNA (cp-DNA)

• Mitochondrial Genome (mt-dna)

• Cilia and Flagella

• Difference between Prokaryotic Flagella and Eukaryotic Flagella

• Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

• The Mode of Action of Inhibitors

• Protein folding - Anfinsen's Experiments

• Protein folding  Accessory Proteins

• Protein Stability

• Diseases associated with Protein folding

Cellular Communication

• Cell Junctions

• Tight Junctions

• Adherens Junctions

• Desmosomes

• Hemidesmosomes

• Gap Junctions

Genetics - Inheritance Biology

• Menedelian Genetics

• Reasons for Mendel's Success

• Exceptions to Mendel's Law

• Overdominance

• Pleiotropism

• Lethal genes

• List of Human Genetic Disorders

• Human Genetic Disorder - Abnormalities of Autosomes

• Autosomal Dominant Disorders

• Autosomal Recessive Disorders

• Sex Chromosome Disorders

• DNA Packaging

• ABO Blood Group

• Population Genetics : Hardy - Weinberg Law

• Hardy Weinberg Problems

• Calculating Gene frequency

• Model Organisms

• Model Organism Database

• Biological Databases

Immunology

• Organs of Immune System

• Innate immunity or Non-specific defence mechanism
• Second line of defense
• Macrophages
• Inflammatory response
• Complement system- The troop of serum proteins in defence
• Classical pathway
• Alternative pathway
• Acquired Immunity
• Cells involved in Adaptive Immunity

• Antigens, the immune system elicitors

• Antibodies -The defence molecules in the immune system

• Antigen-Antibody Interaction

• Difference between Antigen and Antibody

• Immunoglobulins

• Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

• MHC class Iproteins Structure and Function

• MHC class II proteins Structure and Function

• Immunology Glossary Terms

System Physiology -Plant

• Plant Kingdom
• Various Plant Groups –Cryptogams and Phanerogams
• Phytohormones (Plant Hormones)
• Auxin
• Gibberellins
• Cytokinins
• Abscisic acid (ABA)
• Ethylene
• Vernalin, Florigen, Caulines, Brassinosteroids & Morphactins
• Golden Rice
• Secondary Metabolities
• Drug Yielding Plants or Medicinal Plants
• List of some medicinally Important Plants & their active ingredients
• Plant Based Vaccines
• Alkaloids
• Essential oils
• History of Photosynthesis
• Allelopathy

Ecology

• Rules in Ecology
• Major Biomes of the World
• Biological Indicators or Ecological indicators

Conservation Biology

• Biosphere Reserve
• Number of Identified Species in the World
• Keystone Species, Foundation Species, Umbrella Species

Diversity of Life Forms

• Characteristics of Living Things
• System of Classification
• Five Kingdom Classification
• Kingdom Monera (Kingdom of Prokaryotes)
• Kingdom Protista
• Kingdom Fungi
• Classification of Fungi
• List of Fungal Diseases
• Phylum Porifera
• Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata)
• Coral and Coral Reefs
• Phylum Platyhelminthes

System Physiology-Animals

• Human Body Systems: At a glance
• Glands and Hormones

Evolution

• Geological Time Scale

Biotechnology

• What is Biotechnology
• Agrobacterium, Natural Genetic Engineer
• Organization of Ti plasmid
• Vir region or Virulence region of Ti plasmid
• Steps involved in Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
• Principle behind Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
• Ti plasmid Based Vectors- Cointegrate and Binary vectors
• Agrobacterium rhizhogenes and Ri plasmid
• Gene Cloning Vector

Methods in Biology

• Microscopic Techniques
• Light Microscope and Electron Microscope

Research Methodology

• Scientific method: How Science works?

• Flemmings discovery of Penicillin, a classic example that explains Scientific method

• Methods in scientific enquiry: Deductive, inductive and hypothetico-deductive methods

• Scientific method: Glossary

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